Brief history of Automatic Control by (years)
•1868 first article of control ‘on governor’s’ –by Maxwell•1877 Routh stability criterien•1892 Liapunov stability condition•1895 Hurwitz stability condition•1932 Nyquist•1945 Bode•1947 Nichols•1948 Root locus•1949 Wiener optimal control research•1955 Kalman filter and controlbility observability analysis•1956 Artificial Intelligence•1957 Bellman optimal and adaptive control•1962 Pontryagin optimal control•1965 Fuzzy set•1972 Vidyasagar multi-variable optimal control and Robust control•1981 Doyle Robust control theory•1990 Neuro-Fuzzy
- A brief history of feedback control
- Reprinted by permission from Chapter 1: Introduction to Modern Control Theory, in: F.L. Lewis, Applied Optimal Control and Estimation, Prentice-Hall, 1992.
- History of Automatic Control
- History of Automatic Control 1996
- History of Automatic Control 1996. By Karl Johan Astrom.
- Lecture 1 Introduction - Black Boxes and White Noise
- Lecture 2 Governors and Stability Theory
- Lecture 3 Process Control
- Lecture 4 Airplanes and Ships
- Lecture 5 Feedback Amplifiers
- Lecture 6 Servomechanism Theory
- Lecture 7 Emergence of Modern Control
- Control Engineering books from the 1940s and 1950s
- The McGraw-Hill Series on Control Systems Engineering 1956-1963
- IEEE Control Systems Society History Committee.
- A Brief History Automatic Control
- History of Automatic Control
- Hurwitz Memorial Lecture Series
- On the History of Control (A Message from Guest Editor ( by : Linda G. Bushnell) , IEEE Article
- A Brief History of Automatic Control ( by : Stuar Bennett ), IEEE Control Magazine Article
- Optimal Control - 1950 to 1985 (by : Arthur E. Bryson Jr.)
- Early Developments in Nonlinear Control (by : Derek P. Atherton)
- Adaptive Control Around 1960 (by : Karl J. Astrom)
- The Evolution of Systems Analysis and Control : A Personal Perspective (by : Lotfi A. Zadeh), IEEE Control Magazine Article.
- Filtering and Stochastic Control : A Historical Perspective. (by: Sanjoy K. Mitter), IEEE Control Magazine Article.
- Input-Output Feedback Stability and Robustness, 1959-85. (by: George Zames), IEEE Control Magazine Article.
- Stability: The Common Thread in the Evolution of Feedback Control (by: Anthony N. Michel), IEEE Control Magazine Article.
- Governors and Early Stability Theory, Maxwell-Routh, Vyshnegradskii Hurwitz, and Lyapunov. (by : K. J. Astrom)
- Lyapunov : From Infancy to Potency, (by: Dennis S. Bernstein).
Aleksandr Mikhailovich Lyapunov
Aleksandr Mikhailovich Lyapunov (Александр Михайлович Ляпунов) (June 6, 1857 – November 3, 1918, all new style) was a Russian mathematician, mechanician and physicist. Sometimes his name is also written as Ljapunov, Liapunov or Ljapunow, and often improperly pronounced 'la-yapunov'.
His work in the field of differential equations, potential theory, the stability of systems and probability theory is very important. His main preoccupations were the stability of equilibria and the motion of mechanical systems, the model theory for the stability of uniform turbulent liquid, and particles under the influence of gravity. His work in the field of mathematical physics was very important for subsequent advances of this field. His work from 1898 About some questions, connected with Dirichlet's tasks (О некоторых вопросах, связанных с задачей Дирихле) contains a study of the properties of potential around charges and dipoles, continuously distributed along any surface. His work in this field is in close connection with the work of Steklov. Lyapunov developed many important approximative methods. His methods, today named Lyapunov methods, which he developed in 1899, make it possible to define the stability of sets of ordinary differential equations. He elaborated the modern rigorous theory of the stability of a system, and the motion of a mechanical system on the basis of a finite number of parameters. In probability theory, he generalised the works of Chebyshev and Markov, and he finally proved the Central limit theorem using more common conditions than his forerunners. The method he used for the proof is today one of the foundations of probability theory. From 1899 to 1902 he was a head of Kharkov mathematical society and an editor of his News. On the December 2, 1900 he was elected as a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and on the October 6, 1901 as a fully entitled member of the Academy in the field of applied mathematics.
With his researches on celestial mechanics, he opened a new page in the history of global science, and showed the inaccuracy in the knowledge of several foreign scientists. In 1908 he participated at the 4th Mathematical congress in Rome. At this time he took part in the publication of Euler's selected works, and he was an editor of the 18th and 19th part of this miscellany. By the end of June 1917, he went with his wife, who was seriously ill, to his brother Boris in Odessa, Russia (now Ukraine). His wife's impending death, his own partial blindness, and the generally bad conditions for life, all contributed to his anxiety. In spite of this he delivered his last lecture about the form of celestial bodies at the invitation of the Department of Physics and Mathematics at Odessa. On October 31 his wife died, and on the same day he shot himself. He then lay unconscious for a few days till his death.
He usually worked four to five hours at night, and many times even the whole night. Once or twice he visited the theatre, or went to some concert. He had many students. But for the few who really knew him, Lyapunov was a rather raptured man. He had a lean figure, outwardly he acted pretty rude, otherwise he had a hot-blooded and sensitive temper. He was an honorary member of many universities, an external member of the Academy in Rome and a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences in Paris.
His paper "problème générale de la stabilité du mouvement" (1892) (in French) marks the beginning of stability theory. (Resource : en.wikipedia.org)
James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish mathematician and theoretical physicist. His most significant achievement was the development of the classical electromagnetic theory, synthesizing all previous unrelated observations, experiments and equations of electricity, magnetism and even optics into a consistent theory.[1] His set of equations—Maxwell's equations—demonstrated that electricity, magnetism and even light are all manifestations of the same phenomenon: the electromagnetic field. From that moment on, all other classical laws or equations of these disciplines became simplified cases of Maxwell's equations. Maxwell's work in electromagnetism has been called the "second great unification in physics",[2] after the first one carried out by Newton.
Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic fields travel through space in the form of waves, and at the constant speed of light. Finally, in 1864 Maxwell wrote A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field where he first proposed that light was in fact undulations in the same medium that is the cause of electric and magnetic phenomena. His work in producing a unified model of electromagnetism is considered to be one of the greatest advances in physics.
Maxwell also developed the Maxwell distribution, a statistical means to describe aspects of the kinetic theory of gases. These two discoveries helped usher in the era of modern physics, laying the foundation for future work in such fields as special relativity and quantum mechanics. He is also known for creating the first true colour photograph in 1861.
Maxwell is considered by many physicists to be the nineteenth century scientist with the greatest influence on twentieth century physics. His contributions to the science are considered by many to be of the same magnitude as those of Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein.[3] In 1931, on the centennial of Maxwell's birthday, Einstein himself described Maxwell's work as the "most profound and the most fruitful that physics has experienced since the time of Newton."[4] Einstein kept a photograph of Maxwell on his study wall, alongside pictures of Michael Faraday and Isaac Newton.[5] (Resource : en.wikipedia.org)
In mathematics, the Laplace transform is one of the best known and widely used integral transforms. It is commonly used to produce an easily solvable algebraic equation from an ordinary differential equation. It has many important applications in mathematics, physics, optics, electrical engineering, control engineering, signal processing, and probability theory.
In mathematics, it is used for solving differential and integral equations. In physics, it is used for analysis of linear time-invariant systems such as electrical circuits, harmonic oscillators, optical devices, and mechanical systems. In this analysis, the Laplace transform is often interpreted as a transformation from the time-domain, in which inputs and outputs are functions of time, to the frequency-domain, where the same inputs and outputs are functions of complex angular frequency, or radians per unit time. Given a simple mathematical or functional description of an input or output to a system, the Laplace transform provides an alternative functional description that often simplifies the process of analyzing the behavior of the system, or in synthesizing a new system based on a set of specifications.
Denoted
, It is a linear operator on a function f(t) (original) with a real argument t (t ≥ 0) that transforms it to a function F(s) (image) with a complex argument s. This transformation is essentially bijective for the majority of practical uses; the respective pairs of f(t) and F(s) are matched in tables. The Laplace transform has the useful property that many relationships and operations over the originals f(t) correspond to simpler relationships and operations over the images F(s)[1]. (Resource : en.wikipedia.org)
During and after World War II
During World War II, his work on the automatic aiming and firing of anti-aircraft guns led Wiener to communication theory and eventually to formulate cybernetics. After the war, his prominence helped MIT to recruit a research team in cognitive science, made up of researchers in neuropsychology and the mathematics and biophysics of the nervous system, including Warren Sturgis McCulloch and Walter Pitts. These men went on to make pioneering contributions to computer science and artificial intelligence. Shortly after the group was formed, Wiener broke off all contact with its members. Speculation still flourishes as to why this split occurred.
Wiener went on to break new ground in cybernetics, robotics, computer control, and automation. He shared his theories and findings with other researchers, and credited the contributions of others. These included Soviet researchers and their findings. Wiener's connections with them placed him under suspicion during the Cold War. He was a strong advocate of automation to improve the standard of living, and to overcome economic underdevelopment. His ideas became influential in India, whose government he advised during the 1950s.
Wiener declined an invitation to join the Manhattan Project. After the war, he became increasingly concerned with what he saw as political interference in scientific research, and the militarization of science. His article "A Scientist Rebels" in the January 1947 issue of The Atlantic Monthly urged scientists to consider the ethical implications of their work. After the war, he refused to accept any government funding or to work on military projects. The way Wiener's stance towards nuclear weapons and the Cold War contrasted with that of John von Neumann is the central theme of Heims (1980). (Resource : en.wikipedia.org)
The Gallery (thanks to : The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)
- (Resource : en.wikipedia.org)
- Lyapunov Maxwell's Nyquist Routh Kalman Pierre-Simon Laplace
This series will be followed up .... just come and visit once more ...
